影像科学与光化学  2019, Vol. 37 Issue (6): 591-597  DOI: 10.7517/issn.1674-0475.190526   PDF    
超声引导下连续腰交感神经节阻滞联合全麻对膝关节置换术患者镇痛及苏醒质量的影响
刘晓岚, 曹晓霞     
恩施土家族苗族自治州中心医院 中医部 麻醉科, 湖北 恩施 445000
摘要: 本文对超声引导下连续腰交感神经节阻滞联合全麻对膝关节置换术患者镇痛及苏醒质量的影响进行了分析和探讨。选取2017年1月~2019年1月本院膝关节置换术患者100例,依据随机数字表分为滞麻组和单麻组,每组50例,单麻组给予单纯全麻,滞麻组在此基础上给予超声引导下连续腰交感神经节阻滞,比较两组镇痛及苏醒质量、不良反应。结果显示,滞麻组切皮时(T1)、关节置换时(T2)、术毕(T3)的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)明显低于单麻组,滞麻组镇痛优良率明显高于单麻组,有统计学差异(P < 0.05);滞麻组呼之睁眼、呼之握拳、拔管、苏醒时间和苏醒并发症率明显低于单麻组,有统计学差异(P < 0.05);滞麻组和单麻组不良反应率比较,无统计学差异(P>0.05)。本文认为,超声引导下连续腰交感神经节阻滞联合全麻可有效改善膝关节置换术患者镇痛及苏醒质量,且安全性好,值得临床推广。
关键词: 超声引导    连续腰交感神经节阻滞    全麻    膝关节置换术    镇痛质量    苏醒质量    
The Effect of Ultrasound-guided Continuous Lumbar Sympathetic Ganglion Block Combined with General Anesthesia on the Analgesia and Recovery Quality in Patients Undergoing Knee Arthroplasty
LIU Xiaolan, CAO Xiaoxia     
Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Central Hospital, Enshi 445000, Hubei, P. R. China
*Corresponding author: CAO Xiaoxia, E-mail: 2410847468@qq.com
Abstract: The effect of ultrasound-guided continuous lumbar sympathetic ganglion block combined with general anesthesia on the analgesia and recovery quality in patients undergoing knee arthroplasty was analyzed in this study. From January 2017 to January 2019, 100 patients with knee arthroplasty in our hospital were selected as the subjects of study, they were divided into anesthesia group and anesthesia group according to random number table, 50 cases in each group. The single anesthesia group was given general anesthesia, and the block anesthesia group was given continuous lumbar sympathetic ganglion block guided by ultrasound. The of analgesia and recovery quality, adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. The results showed that, the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) in the block anesthesia group at skin incision time (T1), knee arthroplasty time (T2), postoperatively (T3) were significantly lower in those in the anesthesia group, the anesthesia excellent rate in the block anesthesia group was significantly higher than in the anesthesia group, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The amount of anesthetics, opening eyes, clenching, extubation, and awakening time and awakening complications rate in the block anesthesia group were significantly lower than those in the anesthesia group, the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The comparison of the adverse reaction rate between the block anesthesia group and the anesthesia group, the difference was no statistically significant (P>0.05). This study confirms that, ultrasound-guided continuous lumbar sympathetic ganglion block combined with general anesthesia can effectively improve the analgesia and recovery quality in patients undergoing knee arthroplasty, and it has the good safety, it's worth for further clinical promotion.
Key words: ultrasound-guided    continuous lumbar sympathetic ganglion block    general anesthesia    knee arthroplasty    analgesia quality    recovery quality    

膝关节置换术是治疗膝关节骨性关节炎常用的一种术式,且经过多年的发展,其技术逐渐成熟,疗效已逐渐被认可。由于术中会对患者造成严重的创伤,因此常需对患者进行麻醉治疗以确保手术的顺利进行[1, 2]。目前,全麻是膝关节置换术常用的麻醉方式之一,通过静脉途径给予麻醉药物,可有效稳定患者的血流动力学波动,并具有良好的镇痛镇静作用,可满足手术完成的需求,但存在镇痛效果一般及术后苏醒质量欠佳等不足,故如何有效改善患者镇痛及苏醒质量具有重要的临床意义[2, 3]。而近年来,神经阻滞技术逐渐被应用于临床麻醉镇痛中,其中超声引导下连续腰交感神经节阻滞是常用的阻滞方法之一,具有操作简单、阻滞效果良好、安全性高等特点而受到关注和重视[4]。对此,本研究通过给予膝关节置换术患者超声引导下连续腰交感神经节阻滞联合全麻,探讨其对患者镇痛及苏醒质量的影响,为膝关节置换术的临床麻醉提供方案依据。

1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料

研究对象纳入标准:①术前美国麻醉医师学会(ASA)分级Ⅰ/Ⅱ级并接受由同一组医护人员实施的膝关节置换术; ②术前1个月无激素、免疫、抗炎等治疗史; ③年龄60~80岁、无精神病病史; ④签署知情同意书。排除标准:①有甲状腺功能异常、Addison病等疾病; ②有心、肝、肾、肺等严重性疾病; ③有超声引导下连续腰交感神经节阻滞或全麻禁忌症; ④妊娠期、哺乳期女性或有恶性肿瘤。

本研究经伦理委员会审批通过,选取2017年1月~2019年1月湖北省恩施土家族苗族自治州中心医院膝关节置换术患者100例,依据随机数字表分为滞麻组和单麻组,每组50例,滞麻组和单麻组性别、ASA分级、年龄、体质量指数、手术时间、术中出血量比较,无统计学差异(P>0.05),见表 1

表 1 两组一般资料比较 Comparison of general data between the two groups
1.2 方法

单麻组给予单纯全麻,即术前30 min肌注阿托品0.5 mg、入室后取仰卧位建立上肢静脉通道,麻醉诱导为静注0.07 mg/kg咪达唑仑(宜昌人福药业有限责任公司,国药准字H20067040,2 mL:2 mg)+0.2~0.3 mg/kg依托咪酯(江苏恩华药业股份有限公司,国药准字H32022992,10 mL:20 mg)+5~6 μg/kg芬太尼(国药集团工业有限公司廊坊分公司,国药准字H20123298,10 mL:0.5 mg)+0.15 mg/kg维库溴铵(海南斯达制药有限公司,国药准字H20065177,4 mg),术中麻醉维持为靶控输注丙泊酚(西安力邦制药有限公司,国药准字H20010368,10 mL:0.1 g)血浆浓度2~4 μg/mL、瑞芬太尼(江苏恩华药业股份有限公司,国药准字H20143315,2 mg)血浆浓度2~3 ng/mL、复合吸入七氟醚(上海恒瑞医药有限公司,国药准字H20070172,120 mL)2%~3%,间断追加顺式阿曲库铵(江苏恒瑞医药股份有限公司,国药准字H20060869,10 mg×10瓶)维持肌肉松弛,术毕前30 min停止麻醉给药;滞麻组在单麻组基础上给予超声引导下连续腰交感神经节阻滞,即取侧卧位、消毒铺巾后通过便携式彩色二维超声仪(7.5 MHz凸阵探头,深达7~10 cm,MicroMAXX,SOnoSite公司)探查腰椎情况,先对L1、L2定位并获取其横截面图像,以15 cm、21 G腰穿刺针45°下从探头外端、偏向L2进针4.5 cm达骨质后向L2椎体外部进针2.5 cm至腰交感神经节,回抽无血无液后缓慢注射0.5%罗哌卡因(齐鲁制药有限公司,国药准字H20052716,10 mL:75 mg)20~30 mL,确认分布均匀(L2椎体和竖脊间有不规则低回声、周边有高回声晕围绕)、无严重不良反应并出现平面后,给予与单麻组相同的全麻。

1.3 指标观察

比较两组镇痛及苏醒质量、不良反应。镇痛质量:观察和记录麻醉前、切皮时(T1)、关节置换时(T2)、术毕(T3)的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR),并评估术中镇痛疗效,即牵拉反应明显为差、牵拉反应一般为良、牵拉反应无不适为优;苏醒质量:观察和记录术后呼之睁眼、呼之握拳、拔管、苏醒时间及躁动(麻醉苏醒期躁动评分法评估)、认知功能障碍(简易精神状态检查表评估)、谵妄(ICU谵妄诊断的意识状态评估法评估)情况[5, 6];不良反应:观察和记录恶心/呕吐、头晕、嗜睡、呼吸抑制等。

1.4 统计学分析

采用SPSS 22.0软件,计量资料(x±s)采用独立样本t检验,计数资料(%)采用χ2检验,等级资料采用秩和Z检验,P < 0.05为有统计学差异。

2 结果 2.1 两组MAP、HR比较

滞麻组和单麻组麻醉前MAP、HR比较,无统计学差异(P>0.05),滞麻组的T1、T2、T3的MAP、HR明显低于单麻组,差异有统计学差异(P < 0.05),见表 2

表 2 两组MAP、HR比较 Comparison of MAP and HR between the two groups
2.2 两组镇痛疗效比较

滞麻组镇痛优良率明显高于单麻组,差异有统计学差异(P < 0.05),见表 3

表 3 两组镇痛疗效比较 Comparison of analgesic effect between the two groups (n/%)
2.3 两组苏醒恢复时间比较

滞麻组呼之睁眼、呼之握拳、拔管、苏醒时间明显低于单麻组,差异有统计学差异(P < 0.05),见表 4

表 4 两组苏醒恢复时间比较 Comparison of recovery time between two groups
2.4 两组苏醒并发症比较

滞麻组苏醒并发症率明显低于单麻组,有统计学差异(P < 0.05),见表 5

表 5 两组苏醒并发症比较(n/%) Comparison of recovery complications between the two groups (n/%)
2.5 两组不良反应比较

滞麻组和单麻组不良反应率比较,无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表 6

表 6 两组不良反应比较(n/%) Comparison of adverse reactions between the two groups (n/%)
3 讨论

膝关节置换术是治疗终末期膝关节疾病成功的手术之一[7, 8],但因术中需进行骨折复位、关节置换、神经肌腱修补等操作,会对患者造成严重的创伤,因此手术过程往往采用全麻处理[9, 10], 而手术创伤仍是无法避免,尤其是膝关节置换术,手术时间长、创伤性大,单纯的全麻处理需给予大量的、多种麻醉药物,不利于患者术后的苏醒,这就对术中的麻醉管理和麻醉后苏醒提出了更高的要求[11, 12]

有研究显示,腰交感神经节是位于脊髓胸1~腰2或腰3节段的灰质侧柱的中间带外侧核,其对应神经区域包括有臀、坐骨、下肢等,通过对其进行阻滞则可有效阻滞相应区域的感觉[13, 14]。据相关研究报道,连续腰交感神经节阻滞已逐渐被应用于下肢手术中,尤其是在超声引导下,可有效将局麻药准确输注并阻滞神经,从而产生良好的麻醉镇痛作用[15, 16]

本研究结果显示,滞麻组镇痛优良率明显高于单麻组,滞麻组T1、T2、T3的MAP和HR明显低于单麻组,表明超声引导下连续腰交感神经节阻滞联合全麻能够有效改善膝关节置换术患者的血流动力学波动,提高麻醉镇痛效果。这可能是由于单纯全麻中,能够静脉途径给予麻醉药物而对善膝关节置换术患者产生良好的镇痛镇静作用[9, 10];而本研究联合超声引导下连续腰交感神经节阻滞中,可能由于通过超声引导下注入0.5%罗哌卡因(一类长效的酰胺类局麻药,具有抑制神经细胞钠离子通道、阻断神经兴奋与传导的作用)[13, 14]阻滞腰交感神经节,有效阻断了下肢传入纤维疼痛传导通路[15, 16],尤其是能够有效抑制膝关节置换术中骨折复位、关节置换、神经肌腱修补等操作对患者产生的血流动力学波动,产生良好的镇痛镇静作用,因此其血流动力学波动,产生了麻醉效果叠加的作用,更有效地改善了患者的镇痛质量。同时,本研究中,滞麻组呼之睁眼、呼之握拳、拔管、苏醒时间和苏醒并发症率明显低于单麻组,表明超声引导下连续腰交感神经节阻滞联合全麻能够有效促进膝关节置换术患者术后苏醒恢复,减少了苏醒并发症的发生。这可能是由于超声引导下连续腰交感神经节阻滞联合全麻中,通过较为完善的神经阻滞作为前提,有效抑制了膝关节置换术中创伤操作的疼痛传导,起良好的镇痛镇静作用[2, 3],再配合全麻处理,能够通过静脉给予麻醉药物的镇痛镇静作用[7, 8],进一步提高了对患者的镇痛效果。不仅进一步缓解了患者的血流动力学剧烈波动,还使全麻能够维持在较浅的状态[9, 10],为患者的术后恢复提供了良好条件,减少了全麻药对机体呼吸和循环的抑制,使苏醒拔管更加平稳,并有助于减少苏醒期认知功能障碍、谵妄、躁动的发生[5, 6]。此外,本研究滞麻组和单麻组不良反应率比较无统计学差异,提示在膝关节置换术全麻处理中,联合超声引导下连续腰交感神经节阻滞具有良好的安全性,不会增加患者恶心/呕吐、头晕、嗜睡、呼吸抑制等不良反应的发生。

综上,超声引导下连续腰交感神经节阻滞联合全麻可有效改善膝关节置换术患者镇痛及苏醒质量,且安全性好,值得临床推广。

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