影像科学与光化学  2020, Vol. 38 Issue (2): 266-271  DOI: 10.7517/issn.1674.190907   PDF    
64排双源CT对T2DM合并冠心病患者冠脉狭窄程度及斑块稳定性的诊断价值研究
王朝兵1, 李旭1, 徐盼2, 赵霞1     
1. 邛崃市医疗中心医院 放射科, 四川 邛崃 611530;
2. 成飞医院 放射科, 四川 成都 610091
摘要: 本文为探讨64排双源CT对2型糖尿病(T2DM)合并冠心病患者冠脉狭窄程度及斑块稳定性的诊断价值,选择2015年2月~2018年2月我院接诊的90例冠心病患者进行研究,合并T2DM者设为观察组(n=49),未合并T2DM者设为对照组(n=41),比较多排双源CT对冠脉狭窄程度及斑块稳定性的诊断价值。观察组软斑块和混合斑块数量均显著高于对照组,钙化斑块数量则低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05);两组患者冠状动脉Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅳ级狭窄无明显差异(P>0.05);观察组Ⅲ级狭窄显著高于对照组(P < 0.05);64排双源CT对≥ 50%冠状动脉狭窄诊断的灵敏度最低,随病变加重,灵敏度逐渐上升。阳性预测值随病变增加而增加,但都较阴性预测值为低,表明64排双源CT评价冠状动脉病变时存在高估现象;冠状动脉钙化较为严重者,不同钙化程度对诊断的影响总体表现为随着钙化程度的增加其诊断特异性下降,但仍可保持较高的灵敏度和准确率。本研究证实多排双源CT对T2DM合并冠心病患者冠脉狭窄程度及斑块稳定性的诊断价值较高,可帮助临床提供正确诊断,以选择合适的治疗方案。
关键词: 多排双源CT    2型糖尿病    冠心病    冠脉狭窄程度    斑块稳定性    
Analysis of the Diagnostic Value of 64-slice Spiral CT in the Degree of Coronary Artery Stenosis and Plaque Stability of T2DM Patients with Coronary Heart Disease
WANG Chaobing1, LI Xu1, XU Pan2, ZHAO Xia1     
1. Radiology Department, Medical Center Hospital of Qionglai, Qionglai 611530, Sichuan, P. R. China;
2. Radiology Department, Chengfei Hospital, Chengdu 610091, Sichuan, P. R. China
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to analyse the diagnostic value of 64-slice spiral CT in the degree of coronary artery stenosis and plaque stability of Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) patients with coronary heart disease. 90 patients with coronary heart disease received in our hospital from February 2015 to February 2018 were selected and divided into two groups. One is the observation group (n=49), which with the combination of T2DM, the other is the control group (n=41), which without the combination of T2DM. Soft plaque and mixed plaque in the observation group were significantly more than those in the control group, and calcified plaque were significantly less than those in the control group. There was no significant difference in grade Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅳ coronary artery stenosis between the two groups (P>0.05). Grade Ⅲ stenosis in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The sensitivity of 64-slice spiral CT in diagnosing ≥ 50% coronary artery stenosis was the lowest, but it gradually increased with the pathological deterioration. The positive predictive value increased with the pathological deterioration, but all of them were lower than the negative predictive value, indicating that there was an overestimation in the evaluation of coronary artery lesions with 64-slice spiral CT. For the patients with relatively serious coronary artery calcification, the diagnostic specificity decreases with the increase of calcification degrees, but high sensitivity and accuracy can still be maintained. In conclusion, multi-slice spiral CT has a high diagnostic value for the degree of coronary artery stenosis and plaque stability in patients with T2DM complicated with coronary heart disease, which can help to provide correct diagnosis and select appropriate treatment plan in clinical practice.
Key words: multi-slice spiral CT    type 2 diabetes    coronary heart disease    degree of coronary stenosis    plaque stability    

2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)占糖尿病90%以上,患者多在40岁以后发病。T2DM患者体内的胰岛素相对缺乏,严重影响患者的生活质量[1, 2]。冠心病是冠状动脉血管发生动脉粥样硬化病变而引起血管腔狭窄,可造成心肌缺氧。冠心病的发生与多种因素相关,糖尿病也是主要因素之一[3, 4]。T2DM合并冠心病患者冠脉狭窄程度通常更为严重,且多支血管病变发生率高,相对于患者管腔狭窄程度,斑块稳定性对评估急性冠脉事件更有价值[5]。冠脉造影是诊断冠心病的金标准,但是随着多排双源CT的广泛应用,对诊断T2DM合并冠心病有较高的敏感性和特异性,能准确反映冠状动脉病变[6]。多排双源CT是一种无创、可靠的影像学诊断技术,本实验中应用的64排双源CT扫描最薄层可达0.64 mm,是目前世界上能达到的最薄层厚,从而提高了图像的分辨率,因此人们对应用64排双源CT研究冠脉狭窄程度及斑块稳定性寄予很高的期望[7, 8]。本研究旨在探讨64排双源CT对T2DM合并冠心病患者冠脉狭窄程度及对斑块稳定性的诊断价值。

1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料

选择2015年2月~2018年2月我院接诊的90例冠心病患者做为本次研究对象,分为两组:合并T2DM为观察组:男28例,女21例,年龄57~74岁,平均(63.54±3.52)岁;未合并T2DM为对照组:男24例,女17例,年龄58~74岁,平均(63.58±3.61)岁。两组一般资料见表 1。纳入标准:(1)符合《冠心病诊断与治疗研究进展》诊断标准[9];(2)无严重肝肾功能障碍者;(3)患者知情同意并签署相关知情同意书。排除标准:(1)患有意识障碍、精神障碍者;(2)伴有恶性肿瘤患者;(3)恶性血液病患者。

表 1 两组患者一般资料比较
1.2 方法

使用德国西门子公司所生产的SOMATOM Definition Flash双源CT机,应用心电门控技术,患者保持仰卧位,一次性屏住呼吸,进行CT平扫,扫描参数:管电压120 kV,管电流650 mA,准直器宽0.625 mm×64,螺距0.16:1,显示野250 mm,矩阵512×512。扫描范围自气管隆突下2 cm至膈下2 cm。先经头静脉团注20 mL欧乃派克(350 mg/mL, GE healthcare),流率4.0 mL/s,进行预扫描,测主动脉根部增强峰值时间,将此时间加上10s作为冠状动脉CT扫描的延迟时间。然后按确定扫描范围行增强扫描,经头静脉以4.0 mL/s流率注射欧乃派克50 mL,再注射20 mL 0.9%氯化钠溶液,流率为4.0 mL/s。所有患者心率控制在70次/分以下,按确定的延迟时间扫描。根据CT值结合其密度把冠状动脉斑块分为:①软斑块:CT值小于60 HU且密度比增强的冠状动脉管腔低,无任何钙化影;②钙化斑块:CT值大于120 HU且斑块以高密度成分为主;③混合斑块:CT值介于60 HU与120 HU之间且斑块中混有钙化影。

1.3 统计学分析

数据用SPSS 18.0软件包进行处理,计量资料均用(x±s)表示,采用t检验;计数资料以[n(%)]表示,采用χ2检验。以选择性冠状动脉造影为金标准,计算出64排双源CT检查的敏感性、特异性、准确性以及阳性预测值和阴性预测值。P < 0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 两组患者用64排双源CT发现斑块的性质比较

观察组发现的软斑块和混合斑块均显著多于对照组,钙化斑块则少于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05),见表 2

表 2 两组64排双源CT斑块性质比较[n(%)]
2.2 两组患者冠状动脉狭窄程度CT显示结果比较

两组患者冠状动脉Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅳ级狭窄无明显差异(P>0.05);观察组Ⅲ级狭窄显著多于对照组(P < 0.05),见表 3

表 3 两组冠状动脉狭窄程度CT显示结果比较[n(%)]
2.3 64排双源CT对中、重度狭窄冠状动脉的评价结果

64排双源CT对≥50%冠状动脉狭窄诊断的灵敏度最低,随着病变的加重,灵敏度逐渐上升。阳性预测值随病变增加而增加,但都较阴性预测值为低,表明64排双源CT评价冠状动脉病变时存在高估现象;冠状动脉钙化较为严重,不同钙化程度对诊断的影响总体表现为随钙化程度变严重,其诊断特异性下降,但仍可保持较高的灵敏度和准确率,见表 4表 5图 1

表 4 64排双源CT对中、重度狭窄冠状动脉的评价结果

表 5 64排双源CT对不同钙化程度冠状动脉的评价结果

图 1 64排双源CT诊断T2DM合并冠心病患者冠脉狭窄程度及斑块稳定性的ROC曲线
3 讨论

冠心病和DM都是威胁人类健康的主要疾病,冠心病是以冠状动脉粥样硬化为病理变化的心血管疾病,糖尿病性血管病变表现为动脉壁中层钙化引起的管腔狭窄,T2DM冠心病发病率远大于非糖尿病患者[10]。有研究显示,T2DM患者除高血压、吸烟等冠心病危险因素外,还具有如高胰岛素血症、高氧化应激状态等,都可引起动脉粥样硬化的发生[11]。冠状动脉粥样硬化是累及体循环系统的动脉内膜疾病,斑块破裂是其常见的并发症,占心肌梗死或冠状动脉猝死的70%,故对斑块稳定性的研究较为重要[12]。64排双源CT为不稳定斑块的无创性检查提供了新的途径,不仅能够检测冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块,还能探测冠状动脉狭窄程度,同时具有较短的旋转时间和高时间分辨率,可确认脂肪、水、纤维成分,且还有较高的敏感性与特异性[13]。侯新民等[14]研究报道显示,64排双源CT用于检测冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块能显示斑块的特性,反映斑块间密度的差异。

相关研究认为,动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成非常复杂,可根据影像和CT结果分为软斑块、混合斑块及钙化斑块,非钙化斑块即软斑块和混合斑块属于不稳定斑块,容易引起不稳定型心绞痛,易于破裂,当发生破裂时可形成血栓,引发冠状动脉急性突发事件,而钙化的斑块虽可导致管腔局部负性重构的发生,但较为稳定[15-17]。本研究将64排双源CT应用于动脉粥样硬化患者中,研究结果显示,T2DM合并冠心病患者软斑块、混合斑块及钙化斑块均显著多于单纯冠心病患者,说明T2DM合并冠心病患者斑块更容易破裂出血,故心血管事件发生的风险更高。且T2DM合并冠心病患者Ⅲ级狭窄显著多于单纯冠心病患者。国外研究结果也显示,64排双源CT冠状动脉成像能准确检出非钙化斑块和混合斑块等不稳定斑块,为临床治疗、预防猝死提供重要价值[18]。64排双源CT具有较短的旋转时间、高空间分辨率和高时间分辨率,其敏感性和特异性高达99%和95%。王平等[19]研究显示,64排双源CT能够准确评价T2DM合并冠心病患者冠脉狭窄程度。本研究结果显示,64排双源CT对T2DM患者冠状动脉病变的诊断敏感性为92.54%, 特异性为93.58%,阳性预测值为82.97%,阴性预测值为97.39%,准确率为93.36%,对重度以上患者的诊断价值优于中度病变患者,与卢伟光等[20]的研究结果相似。64排双源CT在诊断T2DM合并冠心病时能够准确地显现出冠状动脉病变的情况,其对同钙化程度的冠状动脉都具有较高的敏感性。国外研究显示,随着钙化积分的增高,64排双源CT判断狭窄程度在50%以上的冠脉病变的特异性在下降,但仍具有较高的预测值,且敏感性也保持在97%以上[21]。本研究结果显示,64排双源CT评估冠脉钙化病变具有较高的敏感性和特异性,虽然随钙化程度增高,其特异性也在下降,但也可达到87.39%,且保持了较好的敏感性和阳性预测值。上述结果说明64排双源CT具有较高的阴性诊断可靠性,能够对T2DM合并冠心病做出准确的评估。这可能是因为64排双源CT作为新型的CT技术,采用了滑环技术,使其能够进行17节段评估,故敏感性与特异性较高。

综上所述,多排双源CT对T2DM合并冠心病患者冠脉狭窄程度及斑块稳定性的诊断价值较高,可帮助临床提供正确诊断,以选择合适的治疗方案。

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