Recent Progress in Bio-responsive Gadolinium-based MRI Contrast Agent

doi:10.7517/issn.1674-0475.210409

Abstract

Abstract: The gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA), the most common contrast agent in clinical magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, lacks specificity when detecting diseases and thus makes it difficult to distinguish lesions. Many recent researches have focused on the development of bio-responsive contrast agents which can vary the intensity of MR signals with changes in physiological or pathological environment. This article reviews three current design concepts of bio-responsive GBCAs, expounds the specific methods of promoting relaxation rate and its application in imaging diagnosis, makes a prospect for the development of bio-responsive GBCA, and points out the problems to be solved in the conversion process for clinical application.

Key words: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), gadolinium-based contrast agent, bio-responsive, relaxation rate, disease diagnosis

LIU Yanyue, WU Yongjie, SUN Kang, TAO Ke. Recent Progress in Bio-responsive Gadolinium-based MRI Contrast Agent[J]. IMAGING SCIENCE AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY, 2021, 39(6): 781-789.

References

[1] Garg P, Swift A J, Zhong L, et al. Assessment of mitral valve regurgitation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging[J]. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 2020, 17(5):298-312.
[2] Na H B, Song I C, Hyeon T. Inorganic Nanoparticles for MRI Contrast Agents[J]. Advanced Materials, 2009, 21(21):2133-2148.
[3] Li H, Meade T J. Molecular magnetic resonance imaging with Gd(Ⅲ)-based contrast agents:challenges and Key advances[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2019, 141(43):17025-17041.
[4] Runge V M. Critical questions regarding gadolinium deposition in the brain and body after injections of the gadolinium-based contrast agents, safety, and clinical recommendations in consideration of the EMA's pharmacovigilance and risk assessment committee recommendation for suspension of the marketing authorizations for 4 linear agents[J]. Investigative Radiology, 2017, 52(6):317-323.
[5] Wang J, Jia Y H, Wang Q Y, et al. An ultrahigh-field-tailored T1-T2 dual-mode MRI contrast agent for high-performance vascular imaging[J]. Advanced Materials, 2021, 33(2):2004917.
[6] Chen H M, Qiu Y W, Ding D D, et al. Gadolinium-encapsulated graphene carbon nanotheranostics for imaging-guided photodynamic therapy[J]. Advanced Materials, 2018, 30(36):1802748.
[7] Grobner T. Gadolinium-a specific trigger for the development of nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis?[J]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 2006, 21(4):1104-1108.
[8] Marckmann P, Skov L, Rossen K, et al. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis:suspected causative role of gadodiamide used for contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging[J]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 2006, 17(9):2359-2362.
[9] Mi P, Kokuryo D, Cabral H, et al. A pH-activatable nanoparticle with signal-amplification capabilities for non-invasive imaging of tumour malignancy[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2016, 11(8):724-730.
[10] Zhu L P, Yang Y, Farquhar K, et al. Surface modification of Gd nanoparticles with pH-responsive block copolymers for use as smart MRI contrast agents[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2016, 8(7):5040-5050.
[11] Tang X X, Gong X Q, Ming J, et al. Fluorinated gadolinium chelate-grafted nanoconjugates for contrast-enhanced T1-weighted ¹H and pH-activatable ¹⁹F dual-modal MRI[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2020, 92(24):16293-16300.
[12] Zhou T T, Wan G F, Li B, et al. Nanocomposites of ionic copolymer integrating Gd-containing polyoxometalate as a multiple platform for enhanced MRI and pH-response chemotherapy[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 2020, 8(30):6390-6401.
[13] Nahrendorf M, Sosnovik D, Chen J W, et al. Activatable magnetic resonance imaging agent reports myeloperoxidase activity in healing infarcts and noninvasively detects the antiinflammatory effects of atorvastatin on ischemia-reperfusion injury[J]. Circulation, 2008, 117(9):1153-1160.
[14] Nejadnik H, Ye D J, Lenkov O D, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of stem cell apoptosis in arthritic joints with a caspase activatable contrast agent[J]. ACS Nano, 2015, 9(2):1150-1160.
[15] Wahsner J, Gale E M, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, et al. Chemistry of MRI contrast agents:current challenges and new frontiers[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2019, 119(2):957-1057.
[16] Kanda T, Fukusato T, Matsuda M, et al. Gadolinium-based contrast agent accumulates in the brain even in subjects without severe renal dysfunction:evaluation of autopsy brain specimens with inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy[J]. Radiology, 2015, 276(1):228-232.
[17] Kim K S, Park W, Hu J, et al. A cancer-recognizable MRI contrast agents using pH-responsive polymeric micelle[J]. Biomaterials, 2014, 35(1):337-343.
[18] Pellico J, Ellis C M, Miller J, et al. Water gated contrast switching with polymer-silica hybrid nanoparticles[J]. Chemical Communications, 2019, 55(59):8540-8543.
[19] Hu X, Liu G, Li Y, et al. Cell-penetrating hyperbranched polyprodrug amphiphiles for synergistic reductive milieu-triggered drug release and enhanced magnetic resonance signals[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2015, 137(1):362-368.
[20] Viger M L, Sankaranarayanan J, De Gracia Lux C, et al. Collective activation of MRI agents via encapsulation and disease-triggered release[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2013, 135(21):7847-7850.
[21] Esqueda A C, López J A, Andreu-De-Riquer G, et al. A new gadolinium-based MRI zinc sensor[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2009, 131(32):11387-11391.
[22] Lubag A J M, de Leon-Rodriguez L M, Burgess S C, et al. Noninvasive MRI of β-cell function using a Zn²⁺-responsive contrast agent[J]. PNAS, 2011, 108(45):18400-18405.
[23] Martins A F, Clavijo Jordan V, Bochner F, et al. Imaging insulin secretion from mouse pancreas by MRI is improved by use of a zinc-responsive MRI sensor with lower affinity for Zn²⁺ ions[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2018, 140(50):17456-17464.
[24] Su H S, Nahrendorf M, Panizzi P, et al. Vasculitis:Molecular imaging by targeting the inflammatory enzyme myeloperoxidase[J]. Radiology, 2012, 262(1):181-190.
[25] Ye D, Shuhendler A J, Pandit P, et al. Caspase-responsive smart gadolinium-based contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging of drug-induced apoptosis[J]. Chemical Science, 2014, 4(10):3845-3852.
[26] Shuhendler A J, Ye D, Brewer K D, et al. Molecular magnetic resonance imaging of tumor response to therapy[J]. Scientific Reports, 2015, 5:14759.
[27] Hermann P, Kotek J, Kubí[XCZ1.TIF]ek V, et al. Gadolinium (Ⅲ) complexes as MRI contrast agents:ligand design and properties of the complexes[J]. Dalton Transactions, 2008, (23):3027-3047.
[28] Manus L M, Strauch R C, Hung A H, et al. Analytical methods for characterizing magnetic resonance probes[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2012, 84(15):6278-6287.
[29] Major J L, Parigi G, Luchinat C, et al. The synthesis and in vitro testing of a zinc-activated MRI contrast agent[J]. PNAS, 2007, 104(35):13881-13886.
[30] Major J L, Boiteau R M, Meade T J. Mechanisms of ZnII-activated magnetic resonance imaging agents[J]. Inorganic Chemistry, 2008, 47(22):10788-10795.
[31] Dhingra K, Maier M E, Beyerlein M, et al. Synthesis and characterization of a smart contrast agent sensitive to calcium[J]. Chemical Communications, 2008, (29):3444-3446.
[32] Li W S, Luo J, Chen Z N. A gadolinium(Ⅲ) complex with 8-amidequinoline based ligand as copper(Ⅱ) ion responsive contrast agent[J]. Dalton Transactions, 2011, 40(2):484-488.
[33] Duimstra J A, Femia F J, Meade T J. A gadolinium chelate for detection of beta-glucuronidase:a self-immolative approach[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2005, 127(37):12847-12855.
[34] Giardiello M, Lowe M P, Botta M. An esterase-activated magnetic resonance contrast agent[J]. Chemical Communications, 2007, (39):4044-4046.
[35] Garello F, Vibhute S, Gündüz S, et al. Innovative design of ca-sensitive paramagnetic liposomes results in an unprecedented increase in longitudinal relaxivity[J]. Biomacromolecules, 2016, 17(4):1303-1311.
[36] Warburg O, Wind F, Negelein E. The metabolism of tumors in the body[J]. The Journal of general physiology, 1927, 8(6):519-530.
[37] Wojtkowiak J W, Verduzco D, Schramm K J, et al. Drug resistance and cellular adaptation to tumor acidic pH microenvironment[J]. Molecular Pharmaceutics, 2011, 8(6):2032-2038.
[38] Gupta S C, Hevia D, Patchva S, et al. Upsides and downsides of reactive oxygen species for cancer:the roles of reactive oxygen species in tumorigenesis, prevention, and therapy[J]. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 2012, 16(11):1295-1322.
[39] Gong F, Yang N L, Wang X W, et al. Tumor microenvironment-responsive intelligent nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics[J]. Nano Today, 2020, 32:100851.
[40] Meng F H, Hennink W E, Zhong Z Y. Reduction-sensitive polymers and bioconjugates for biomedical applications[J]. Biomaterials, 2009, 30(12):2180-2198.
[41] Fu Y, Jang M S, Wang N N, et al. Dual activatable self-assembled nanotheranostics for bioimaging and photodynamic therapy[J]. Journal of Controlled Release, 2020, 327:129-139.
[42] Song Q L, Jia J J, Niu X X, et al. An oral drug delivery system with programmed drug release and imaging properties for orthotopic colon cancer therapy[J]. Nanoscale, 2019, 11(34):15958-15970.
[43] Raghunand N, Howison C, Sherry A D, et al. Renal and systemic pH imaging by contrast-enhanced MRI[J].Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 2003, 49(2):249-257.
[44] de Leon-Rodriguez L M, Lubag A J M, Malloy C R, et al. Responsive MRI agents for sensing metabolism in vivo[J]. Accounts of Chemical Research, 2009, 42(7):948-957.