Synthesis, Properties and Application of Fluorescence Carbon Quantum Dots in Bioimaging

doi:10.7517/issn.1674-0475.181104

Abstract

Abstract: The carbon dot (CD)-based fluorescent probe is a new type of fluorescent probe have been developed in recent years. Comparing with the traditional biological labels such as traditional organic dyes, fluorescent chromatin and usual fluorescent nanomaterial, the CDs have unique advantages (good water solubility, chemical inertia, low toxicity, easy function, anti-light bleaching, tunable and biocompatibility) have attracted considerable attentions. At present, more than ten kinds of inexpensive and convenient methods such as hydrothermal methods have been developed for large-scale preparation of fluorescent CDs. It has been widely used in cell function research, detection of cell surface and functional molecules, imaging of tissues, and positioning of pathogens. The synthesis method in recent years, the luminescence properties depending on the size and wavelength, and the application of fluorescent CDs in bioimaging are briefly reviewed, and their application in the pathology of medicinal plants is forecasted. It is expected to provide some reference for expending the application range of fluorescent CDs in the field of bioimaging.

Key words: fluorescence carbon quantum dots, fluorescence labeling, bioimaging

LI Yali, GUO Jing, SONG Juan, PIAO Xiangmin, XU Xiaolong, WANG Yingping. Synthesis, Properties and Application of Fluorescence Carbon Quantum Dots in Bioimaging[J]. Imaging Science and Photochemistry, 2019, 37(1): 46-56.

References

[1] Tang L, Ji R, Cao X, Lin J, Jiang H, Li X, Teng K S, Luk C M, Zeng S, Hao J, Lau S P. Deep ultraviolet photoluminescence of water-soluble self-passivated graphene quantum dots[J]. ACS Nano, 2012, 6(6):5102-5110.
[2] Xu X Y, Ray R, Gu Y L, Ploehn Harry J, Gearheart L, Raker K, Scrivens Walter A. Electrophoretic analysis and purification of fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube fragments[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2015, 126(40):12736-12737.
[3] Sun Y P, Zhou B, Lin Y, Wang W, Fernando K A Shiral, Pathak P, Meziani M J, Harruff Barbara A, Wang X, Wang H F, Luo Pengju G, Yang H, Kose M E, Chen B, Veca L M, Xie S Y. Quantum-sized carbon dots for bright and colorful photoluminescence[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2006, 128(24):7756-7757.
[4] 霍绍森, 陈志远, 黄丽, 吕亚非, 刘勇. 碳纳米点的制备及应用研究进展[J]. 材料导报, 2015, 29(12):18-23. Huo S S, Chen Z Y, Huang L, Lü Y F, Liu Y. Development of preparation and application of carbon nanodots[J]. Materials Review, 2015, 29(12):18-23.
[5] Zhou J G, Booker C, Li R Y, Zhou X T, Sham T K, Sun X L, Ding Z F. An electrochemical avenue to blue luminescent nanocrystals from multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2007, 129(4):744-745.
[6] Zhang B, Liu C Y, Liu Y. A novel one-step approach to synthesize fluorescent carbon nanoparticles[J]. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2010, (28):4411-4414.
[7] Fang Y X, Guo S J, Li D, Zhu C Z, Ren W, Dong S J, Wang E K. Easy synthesis and imaging applications of cross-linked green fluorescent hollow carbon nanoparticles[J]. ACS Nano, 2012, 6(1):400-409.
[8] Li H, Shao F Q, Zou S Y, Yang Q J, Huang H, Feng J J, Wang A J. Microwave-assisted synthesis of N,P-doped carbon dots for fluorescent cell imaging[J]. Microchimica Acta, 2016, 183(2):821-826.
[9] Bourlinos A B, Stassinopoulos A, Anglos D, Zboril R, Georgakilas V, Giannelis Emmanuel P. Photoluminescent Carbogenic dots[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2008, 20(14):4539-4541.
[10] Guo X, Wang C F, Yu Z Y, Chen L, Chen S. Facile access to versatile fluorescent carbon dots toward light-emitting diodes[J]. Chemical Communications, 2012, 48(21):2692-2694.
[11] Zhang R, Liu Y B, Yu L B, Li Z, Sun S Q. Preparation of high-quality biocompatible carbon dots by extraction, with new thoughts on the luminescence mechanisms[J].Nanotechnology, 2013, 24(22):225601-225605.
[12] Jia X, Li J, Wang E. One-pot green synthesis of optically pH-sensitive carbon dots with upconversion luminescence[J]. Nanoscale, 2012, 4(18):5572-5575.
[13] Kwon W, Rhee S W. Facile synthesis of graphitic carbon quantum dots with size tunability and uniformity using reverse micelles[J]. Chemical Communications, 2012, 48(43):5256-5258.
[14] Dong Y, Zhou N, Lin X, Lin J P. Extraction of electrochemiluminescent oxidized carbon quantum dots from activated carbon[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2010, 22(21):5895-5899.
[15] Yu S J, Kang M W, Chang H C, Chen K M, Yu Y C. Bright fluorescent nanodiamonds:no photobleaching and low cytotoxicity[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2005, 127(50):17604-17605.
[16] Liu H, Ye T, Mao C. Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles derived from candle soot[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2007, 46(34):6473-6475.
[17] Xia X, Zheng Y. Comment on "one-step and high yield simultaneous preparation of single-and multi-layer graphene quantum dots from CX-72 carbon black"[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2012, 22(18):8764-8766.
[18] Zhu S, Zhang J, Qiao C, Tang S, Li Y, Yuan W, Li B, Tian L, Liu F, Hu R, Gao H, Wei H, Zhang H, Sun H, Yang B. Strongly green-photoluminescent graphene quantum dots for bioimaging applications[J]. Chemical Communications, 2011, 47(24):6858-6860.
[19] Zhou J G, Booker C, Li R Y, Zhou X T, Sham T K, Sun X L, Ding Z F. An electrochemical avenue to blue luminescent nanocrystals from multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2007, 129(4):744-745.
[20] Li H T, He X D, Kang Z H, Huang H, Liu Y, Liu J L, Lian S Y, Tsang Chi Him A, Yang X B, Lee S T. Water-soluble fluorescent carbon quantum dots and photocatalyst design[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2010, 49(1):4430-4434.
[21] Sahu S, Behera B, Maiti T K, Mohapatra S.Simple one-step synthesis of highly luminescent carbon dots from orange juice:application as excellent bio-imaging agents[J]. Chemical Communications, 2012, 48(70):8835-8837.
[22] Wang W J, Xia J M, Feng J, He M Q, Chen M L, Wang J H. Green preparation of carbon dots for intracellular pH sensing and multicolor live cell imaging[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 2016, 4(1):7130-7137.
[23] Wen X, Shi L, Wen G, Wen X P, Shi L H, Wen G M, Li Y Y, Dong C, Yang J, Shuang S M. Green synthesis of carbon nanodots from cotton for multicolor imaging, patterning, and sensing[J]. Sensors & Actuators B Chemical, 2015, 221(1):769-776.
[24] Shi L, Li Y, Li X, Wen X P, Shi L H, Wen G M, Li Y Y, Dong C, Yang J, Shuang S M. Facile and eco-friendly synthesis of green fluorescent carbon nanodots for applications in bioimaging,patterning and staining[J]. Nanoscale, 2015, 7(16):7394-7401.
[25] Wang L, Zhou H S.Green synthesis of luminescent nitrogen-doped carbon dots from milk and its imaging application[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2014, 86(18):8902-8905.
[26] Yang X M, Zhuo Y, Zhu S S, Luo Y W, Feng Y J. Novel and green synthesis of high-fluorescent carbon dots originated from honey for sensing and imaging[J]. Biosensors & Bioelectronics, 2014, 60(60):292-298.
[27] Lu W B, Qin X Y, Liu S, Chang G H, Zhang Y W, Luo Y L, Asiri Abdullad M, Al-Youbi A O, Sun X P. Economical, green synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoparticles and their use as probes for sensitive and selective detection of mercury (Ⅱ) ions[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2012, 84(12):5351-5357.
[28] Thambiraj S, Ravi S D. Green synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon quantum dots from sugarcane bagasse pulp[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2016, 390(1):435-443.
[29] Gedda G, Lee C Y, Lin Y C, Wu H F. Green synthesis of carbon dots from prawn shells for highly selective and sensitive detection of copper ions[J]. Sensors & Actuators B Chemical, 2016, 224(1):396-403.
[30] Wang Q, Zheng H, Long Y, Wu H F. Microwave-hydrothermal synthesis of fluorescent carbon dots from graphite oxide[J]. Carbon, 2011, 49(9):3134-3140.
[31] Baker S N, Baker G A. Luminescent carbon nanodots:emergent nanolights[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 2010, 49(38):6726-6744.
[32] Bourlinos A B, Zboril R, Petr J, Bakandritsos A, Krysmann M, Giannelis Emmanuel P. Luminescent surface quaternized carbon dots[J].Chemistry of Materials, 2012, 24(1):6-8.
[33] Dutta C A, Doong R A. Highly sensitive and selective detection of nanomolar ferric ions using dopamine functionalized graphene quantum dots[J].ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2016, 8(32):21002-21010.
[34] Fernando K A Shiral, Pathak P, Meziani M J, Harruff B A, Wang X, Wang H F, Luo Pengju G, Yang H, Kose M E, Chen B L, Veca L Monica, Xie S Y. Quantum-sized carbon dots for bright and colorful photoluminescence[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2006, 128(24):7756-7757.
[35] Tang L B, Ji R B, Li X M, Teng K T, Lau S P. Energy-level structure of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2013, 1(32):4908-4915.
[36] Parvin N, Mandal T K. Synthesis of a highly fluorescence nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots bioimaging probe and its in vivo clearance and printing applications[J]. RSC Advances, 2016, 6(22):18134-18140.
[37] Sangam S, Gupta A, Shakeel A, Bhattacharya R, Sharma A K, Suhag D, Chakrabarti S,Garg S K, Chattopadhyay S, Basu B, Kumar V, Rajput S K, Duttah M K, Mukherjee M. Sustainable synthesis of single crystalline sulphur-doped graphene quantum dots for bioimaging and beyond[J].Green Chemistry, 2018, 20(1):4245-4259.
[38] Qian Z S, Shan X Y, Chai L J, Ma J J, Chen J R, Feng H. Si-doped carbon quantum dots:a facile and general preparation strategy,bioimaging application,and multifunctional sensor[J]. ACS Applied Material & Interfaces, 2014, 6(9):6797-6805.
[39] Skaltsas T, Goulielmaki M, Pintzas A, Pispas S, Tagmatarchis N. Carbon quantum dotsblock copolymer ensembles for metal-ion sensing and bioimaging[J]. Journal of Mater-ials Chemistry B, 2017, 5(27):5397-5402.
[40] Pan Y, Yang J, Fang Y, Zheng J H, Song R, Yi C Q. One-pot synthesis of gadolinium-doped carbon quantum dots for high-performance multimodal bioimaging[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 2017, 5(1):92-101.
[41] Wu W T, Zhan L Y, Fan W Y, Song J Z, Li X M, Li Z T,Wang R Q, Zhang J Q, Zheng J T, Wu M B, Zeng H B. Cu-N dopants boost electron transfer and photooxidation reactions of carbon dots[J]. Angewandte Chemie, 2015, 127(22):6640-6644.
[42] Ray S C, Saha A, Jana N R, Sarkar R. Fluorescent carbon nanoparticles:Synthesis,characterization,and bioimaging application[J]. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2009, 113(43):18546-18551.
[43] Yang S T, Wang X, Wang H, Lu F, Luo P G, Cao L, Meziani M J, Liu J H, Liu Y, Chen M, Huang Y, Sun Y P. Carbon dots as nontoxic and high-performance fluorescence imaging agents[J]. Journal of Physical Chemistry C Nanomaterials & Interfaces, 2009, 113(42):18110-18114.
[44] Li J J, Jiao Y Z, Feng L D, Zhong Y, Zuo G C, Xie A M, Dong W. Highly N,P -doped carbon dots:rational design,photoluminescence and cellular imaging[J]. Microchimica Acta, 2017, 184(8):2933-2940.
[45] Cao L, Wang X, Meziani M J, Lu F S, Wang H F, Luo P G, Lin Y, Harruff B A, Veca M, Murray D, Xie S Y, Sun Y P. Carbon dots for multiphoton bioimaging[J].Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2007, 129(37):11318-11319.
[46] Chen X X, Jin Q Q, Wu L Z, Tung C H, Tang X J. Synthesis and unique photoluminescence properties of nitrogen-rich quantum dots and their applications[J]. Angewandte Chemie, 2014, 53(1):12542-12547.
[47] Wen X P, Shi L H, Wen G M, Li Y Y, Dong C, Yang J, Shuang S M. Green and facile synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon nanodots for multicolor cellular imaging and Co²⁺, sensing in living cells[J]. Sensors & Actuators B Chemical, 2016, 235(1):179-187.
[48] Rong M C, Feng Y F, Wang Y R, Chen X. One-pot solid phase pyrolysis synthesis of nitrogen-doped carbon dots for Fe³⁺, sensing and bioimaging[J]. Sensors & Actuators B Chemical, 2017, 245(1):868-874.
[49] 安佰超, 乡世健, 曹思玮, 阮世发, 王著显, 翁立冬. 碳点在中药活性组分标记领域的应用[J]. 广东医学, 2018, 39(4):492-496. An B C, Xiang S J, Cao S W, Ruan S F, Wang Z X, Weng L D. Application of carbon dots in the labeling of active components of Chinese traditional medicine[J]. Guangdong Medical Journal, 2018, 39(4):492-496.
[50] 刘武, 解荣军. 一种具有室温磷光的碳量子点基复合材料[J]. 功能材料, 2018, 49(8):492-496. Liu W, Xie R J. A carbon quantum dots matrix composite with room temperature phosphorescence[J]. Functional Materials, 2018, 49(8):492-496.
[51] 李迎运. 新型近红外荧光分子探针的设计合成及其在细胞成像中的应用[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学, 2017. Li Y Y. Design and synthesis of a novel near infared fluorescent molecular probe and its application in cell imaging[D]. Hefei:China University of Science and Technology, 2017.
[52] Michalet X, Pinaud F F, Bentolila L A, Tsay J M, Doose S, Li J J, Sundaresan G, Wu A M, GambhirS S, Weiss S. Quantum dots for live cells, in vivo imaging,and diagnostics[J].Science, 2005, 307(5709):538-544.